Breast cancer is a type of cancer that originates in the cells of the breast. It occurs when abnormal cells in the breast begin to grow and divide uncontrollably, forming a tumor. Over time, these cancerous cells can invade nearby tissues and, in some cases, spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or bloodstream. Breast cancer can affect both women and men, but it is far more common in women.
According to the Singapore Cancer Society, breast cancer is the most frequent type of cancer in women in Singapore. Over 2,000 women are diagnosed with breast cancer yearly, and over 400 die. Breast cancer affects one out of every 13 women throughout her lifetime.
Types of Breast Cancer
There are several types of this disease, but the most common forms include:
- Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS): DCIS is a non-invasive breast cancer where abnormal cells are found in the lining of a breast duct but have not spread beyond the duct.
- Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC): IDC is the most common type of breast cancer, where cancer cells invade the surrounding breast tissues from the milk ducts.
- Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC): ILC starts in the milk-producing glands (lobules) and can spread to nearby tissues.
Signs and Symptoms
Early-stage may not always show noticeable symptoms. As the disease progresses, common signs and symptoms of breast cancer may include:
- Lump or Thickening: A new lump or mass in the breast or underarm area is a common sign of breast cancer.
- Changes in Breast Size or Shape: The breast’s size, shape, or contour may indicate breast cancer.
- Skin Changes: The breast skin may be red; dimpling or puckering may occur.
- Nipple Changes: Changes in the nipple, such as inversion, scaling, or discharge (other than breast milk), should be evaluated.
- Pain: Though not always present, breast cancer may cause pain or tenderness in the breast.
Early detection is crucial for successful breast cancer treatment. Regular breast self-exams, clinical breast exams by healthcare providers, and mammograms are essential for early diagnosis. Further tests like breast ultrasound, MRI, or biopsy may be conducted to confirm the diagnosis if breast cancer is suspected.
What Are Risk Factors To Breast Cancer?
Breast cancer is a complex disease influenced by various factors, including genetics, lifestyle, and environmental factors. While some risk factors are beyond our control, understanding them can help individuals make informed decisions about their health. Here are some of the common risk factors for breast cancer:
- Older age
- A personal history of breast cancer or benign (noncancer) breast disease
- Inherited risk of breast cancer
- Dense breast tissue
- Reproductive history resulting in greater exposure to estrogen
- Taking hormone therapy for symptoms of menopause
- Radiation therapy to the breast or chest
- Obesity
- Drinking alcohol
8 Tips On Reducing Breast Cancer Risk
While some risk factors for breast cancer are beyond our control, embracing a good lifestyle can reduce the risk.
- Regular Exercise: Regular physical activity, such as brisk walking, jogging, or dancing, can help maintain a healthy weight and reduce breast cancer risk. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity exercise per week.
- Healthy Diet: Adopting a balanced and nutritious diet can positively impact breast cancer risk. Focus on consuming various fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats while limiting processed foods, sugary beverages, and excessive alcohol intake.
- Limit Alcohol Consumption: Limiting alcohol intake is essential for reducing breast cancer risk. If you choose to drink, do so in moderation. The American Cancer Society recommends no more than one daily drink for women.
- Maintain a Healthy Weight: Being overweight or obese increases the risk of breast cancer, especially after menopause. Strive to maintain a healthy weight through regular exercise and a balanced diet.
- Breastfeed if Possible: Breastfeeding has been linked to a reduced risk of breast cancer for both the mother and the child. If possible, consider breastfeeding your baby for at least several months.
- Regular Breast Self-Exams and Screenings: Perform regular breast self-examinations to become familiar with the texture and appearance of your breasts. Additionally, follow recommended screening guidelines, which may include mammograms and other imaging tests, as suggested by your healthcare professional based on your age and risk factors.
- Know Your Family History: If you have a family history of breast cancer or other relevant risk factors, discuss this with your healthcare provider. They may recommend additional screening or risk-reducing strategies based on your risk profile.
- Taking selective estrogen receptor modulators, aromatase inhibitors, and inactivators, are medications commonly used to treat hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. These drugs block or reduce the effects of estrogen, which can fuel the growth of hormone-sensitive breast cancer cells.
- Ovarian ablation: A medical approach used to reduce estrogen production in the body. Estrogen can promote the growth of hormone receptor-positive breast cancers, a common type of breast cancer influenced by hormones. Ovarian ablation aims to lower estrogen levels to slow down or stop the growth of these tumors.
Remember, each person’s risk profile is unique, and not all risk factors are within our control. However, maintaining a healthy lifestyle and being aware of potential risk factors can empower you to take charge of your health and reduce breast cancer risk. Regular health screenings and open communication with your healthcare provider are essential to breast cancer prevention and early detection.
