Several medical conditions can lead to weight gain. Some examples include:
Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones. One of the symptoms of hypothyroidism is weight gain. This can occur because the metabolism slows down, causing the body to burn fewer calories. Additionally, the hormonal imbalance caused by hypothyroidism can lead to an increase in appetite, which can also contribute to weight gain. Treatment for hypothyroidism typically involves taking a synthetic thyroid hormone replacement medication, which can help regulate the metabolism and reduce weight gain. However, it is important to note that weight loss may not be immediate and may take time, as well as a healthy diet and exercise regimen.
Cushing’s syndrome is a condition caused by the excessive production of the hormone cortisol. One of the common symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome is weight gain, particularly in the abdominal area. This can occur because cortisol can increase appetite, lead to the accumulation of fat in the abdominal area, and cause muscle weakness, making it more difficult to burn calories. Additionally, excessive cortisol can also disrupt the body’s ability to regulate blood sugar, which can contribute to weight gain. Treatment for Cushing’s syndrome typically involves controlling the production of cortisol, which can be done through medication, surgery, or radiation therapy. However, it is important to note that weight loss may not be immediate and may take time, as well as a healthy diet and exercise regimen.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder that affects women and can cause weight gain. Some of the symptoms of PCOS include irregular menstrual periods, excess hair growth, and difficulty losing weight. The exact cause of PCOS is not known, but it is thought to be related to an imbalance of hormones, specifically an excess of androgens (male hormones).
Weight gain is a common symptom of PCOS, as hormonal imbalances can lead to insulin resistance, which can cause the body to store more fat. Women with PCOS may also have a higher body mass index (BMI) than those without the condition.
Treatment options for PCOS and weight gain include lifestyle changes such as a healthy diet and regular exercise, as well as medications that can help regulate hormones and improve insulin sensitivity. It is important to consult a healthcare professional to determine the best course of treatment for an individual case.
Depression and anxiety can both lead to weight gain in several ways. People who are depressed or anxious may engage in emotional eating, which can cause them to consume large amounts of food, often high in calories and low in nutrients. They may also experience a lack of motivation to exercise or take care of themselves, leading to a sedentary lifestyle. Additionally, certain medications used to treat depression and anxiety can also contribute to weight gain. It is important for individuals to address their mental health issues and work with their healthcare provider to develop a plan that addresses both their mental and physical well-being.
Insulin resistance is a condition in which the body’s cells do not respond properly to insulin, a hormone that regulates glucose (sugar) metabolism. This can lead to an increase in blood sugar levels and a decrease in the body’s ability to use glucose for energy. One of the potential consequences of insulin resistance is weight gain, as the body may start to store more fat instead of using glucose for energy. Additionally, high blood sugar levels can lead to increased hunger and cravings, which can also contribute to weight gain. However, insulin resistance is a complex condition that can have multiple causes, and weight gain is just one potential symptom.
Some medications can cause weight gain as a side effect. These include certain antidepressants, antipsychotics, diabetes medications, and hormonal therapies.
The specific medications that are most likely to cause weight gain include tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Some newer antidepressants, such as bupropion and venlafaxine, are less likely to cause weight gain. The exact mechanism by which antidepressants cause weight gain is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to changes in metabolism, appetite, and cravings for certain foods. Several antiseizure medications, particularly valproate, carbamazepine, and gabapentin, used to treat seizures, neuropathic pain, and psychiatric conditions such as bipolar disorder, are associated with weight gain. Several medication classes used to treat diabetes are associated with modest weight gain, particularly insulin and sulfonylureas.
Data suggest that significant weight gain is not a common side effect of combined oral contraceptives at contemporary doses. Progestin-only contraceptives, including depomedroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), are considered the hormonal contraceptive preparations most associated with weight gain but a 2019 systematic review found no evidence to support a weight-gain relationship.
It’s important to consult with a healthcare professional if you suspect that a medical condition may be causing your weight gain. They can help determine the underlying cause and recommend appropriate treatment options.
Dr Rachel Teoh Pui Pui 
Family Physician
Qualifications
MBBS (Spore 2002), Postgraduate Diploma, Postgraduate Diploma in Family M, DIP (Fam Med, 2009), DIP (Derm UK, 2007)
